REPORT ON THE FIRST EUROPEAN COLLOQUIUM ON PACIFIC STUDIES
Ton Otto and Antoine Vanhemelrijk
with contributions by Toon van Meijl and Jürg Wassmann
Introduction
On 17, 18 and 19 December 1992 the First European Colloquium on Pacific Studies was held in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. More than 120 people gathered at the University of Nijmegen to discuss issues related to the theme of the conference: "Transformation and Tradition in the South Pacific". This theme is related to contemporary developments in the region. It proved to be sufficiently broad in scope to cater for the diverse research interests of the participants. Many academic disciplines were represented, including anthropology, sociology, linguistics, history, psychology, geography, development studies, politics and gender studies.
The majority of the participants came from Europe but there was also a considerable number of scholars from the USA, Canada and the Pacific. Some sessions of the conference programme were open to the general public: attendance at some of these sessions exceeded 160.
The conference was organized by the Centre for Pacific Studies (CPS) but it would have been impossible to do so without the generous funds made available by the Netherlands Ministry for Development Cooperation (DGIS), the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and the Faculty of Social Sciences and the Department of Cultural and Social Anthropology, at the University of Nijmegen. We whole-heartedly thank these institutions for their vital support.
The organisation of the conference began in January 1992 when the board of the newly established Centre for Pacific Studies decided that it would be a good thing to try and bring European Oceanists together. As manager of the Centre for Pacific Studies, Ton Otto was given full responsibility for the organisation, both academic and practical, while the board members provided assistance and ideas and generally acted in an overseeing capacity. Special mention deserve two members of this board. Prof. Frans Hüsken, chairperson of the Department of Anthropology, initiated the idea of a Pacific conference and supplied essential logistic and moral support and Dr. Ad Borsboom, chairperson of the Centre for Pacific Studies, substantially contributed to aspects the organisation. In May Antoine Vanhemelrijk was appointed assistantmanager and he skilfully took charge of the many administrative chores that are part of organising a conference of this size. From September onwards Mrs Cora Govers joined the organising committee. Her extensive organisational experience, especially in practical and financial matters, and her capacity for hard work proved invaluable assets. Last but not least, Ron Dautzenberg, Bart Hoogveld, Jacqueline Pijl, Caroline van Santen and Tjitske van der Veen, offered their help and assisted the organisers in all kinds of practical matters during the conference.
The First European Colloquium on Pacific Studies
As a result of national agreements within the discipline of cultural anthropology, the Centre for Pacific Studies carries a special responsibility for the promotion of Oceanic studies within The Netherlands. The Centre defines Oceania as including the South Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Australia and New Zealand.
In line with this specialisation, Oceania was chosen as the regional focus of the colloquium. The meeting itself was intended as a forum for the exchange of ideas and information on research projects concerning the South Pacific.
Invitations for the colloquium were directed especially at European scholars. In the context of growing political and economic collaboration and even unification the Centre wanted to promote closer intellectual cooperation and exchange between European institutions and individuals. The Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania, based in North America, served as a model. In addition to Europe- based scholars the Centre extended invitations to all other researchers interested in the region. In particular it welcomed scholars from the Pacific region to engage in a dialogue with their counterparts from other parts of the world. A special effort was made to secure travel funds for Pacific Islanders, which resulted in the invitation of Stephen P. Pokawin from Papua New Guinea, who came to Nijmegen to deliver one of the keynote addresses.
The theme of the colloquium was: "Transformation and Tradition in the South Pacific". South Pacific states, and groups within them, are undergoing rapid and radical transformations of their political systems, their economies and their ecological environments as a result of independent statehood, secessionist and emancipatory movements, penetration of multinationals and the world market, large- scale exploitation of natural resources etc. In particular the colloquium addressed the question of the role of traditional cultures in this rapidly changing setting. This central question can be further elaborated and clarified by pointing to the double meaning of the term tradition.
Firstly, the term tradition is often used to refer to those ideas, customs, institutions and objects which are supposed to be more or less continuous with the past, or, in other words, which are seen as having been handed down from generation to generation. Recently, there has been a growing awareness that these so-called traditions are far from static and unchanging. As a result of historically oriented studies it has become apparent that traditions are dynamic: constantly in flux, reacting to colonial and other historical developments. The idea that tradition (or culture) is a creative and adaptive process has been forcefully formulated by Roy Wagner and may be labelled (in his terms) as the "invention of culture".
Secondly, the term tradition may be used to point to those ideas, customs, institutions and objects which are consciously defined as traditional by members of a certain culture. The development of tradition as an indigenous category can perhaps be traced to colonial history as part of the mutual articulation of Western and indigenous cultures. In the last two decades in particular, 'tradition' has become an important political symbol of Pacific populations and states, variously named as kastom, kastam, coutume, vakuvanua, fa'a Samoa, Maoritanga, aboriginality, the law, etc.. Its many meanings and uses have become the subject of an increasing body of Pacific scholarship (initiated by Keesing and Tonkinson, Linnekin, and Babadzan). The process of objectifying and politicising tradition may be labelled, following Hobsbawn and Ranger, the "invention of tradition".
Plenary sessions
The academic part of the programme consisted of two kinds of meetings: plenary sessions and workshops. Due to the large number of papers, workshops were held in four parallel sessions. In the following the plenary gatherings are discussed first.
On Thursday evening the conference was officially opened by Prof. Fons Plasschaert, Vice-Chancellor of the University, who welcomed participants and other guests and wished them a successful conference. Next, the chairperson of the Department of Anthropology, Prof. Frans Hüsken, thanked all conference sponsors for their contributions and the organisers for their work. Dr. Ad Borsboom, chairperson of the CPS, presided over the opening ceremony and introduced the first keynote speaker, Prof. Roger Keesing.
Prof. Keesing gained an international reputation as a prolific writer on Pacific ethnography and general anthropological issues. For more than 15 years he was Professor and Head of the Department of Anthropology at the Research School of Pacific Studies (Australian National University, Canberra), one of the main centres for Pacific Research. In 1991 he accepted the chair of Anthropology at McGill University in Montréal. In his lecture "A tin with the meat taken out: a bleak anthropological view of unsustainable development in the Pacific", Keesing sketched the often disastrous consequences of Western development policies in Pacific countries, which not uncommonly led to pauperisation instead of improvement. With examples from the Solomon Islands, he illustrated how advice from anthropologists has been largely ignored both by the so- called development experts and by local leaders. His expectations for the future were therefore rather pessimistic, but he stated that fieldworkers have the responsibility to continue to raise their voices. If there is any hope, this has to be based on the adaptive capacity of Pacific Islanders who remain committed to traditional value systems. The lecture was followed by a lively discussion in which more examples of disastrous developments were given as well as instances of small-scale local resistance against these global trends.
The second day of the conference began with a keynote speech by the French anthropologist Prof. Jean Guiart, who has written extensively about New Caledonia in particular and Melanesia in general. Prof. Guiart was director of the Museé de l'Homme in Paris until his recent retirement. Using his extensive knowledge of ethnography (encompassing several national traditions) he set himself the task of criticising some of the central concepts that have become current in Pacific Island Anthropology. His address was titled "White man, big man, chief; misconceptions in Pacific Islands Social Anthropology" and dealt with the (underestimated) impact of demographic developments and introduced diseases, the use of theoretical models (e.g. of marriage exchange), land tenure and titles, the Polynesia-Melanesia opposition, the big man-chief dichotomy, gift and exchange, and some other central concepts. The meeting was chaired by Dr. Daryl Feil, of Sydney University, who initiated an interesting discussion by pointing to the importance as well as to the problems of regional comparison.
After a long day, which included the morning lecture, three workshop sessions of three presentations each as well as a conference dinner, the participants gathered again for the evening keynote address and forum discussion. They were joined by other interested people so that there was a large audience. Prof. Gerrit Huizer of the Third World Centre (and CPS board member), acted as chairperson and introduced the keynote speaker from the Pacific, Mr. Stephen Pokawin, who is both a successful politician and an accomplished academic. Mr. Pokawin left his position as a lecturer at the University of Papua New Guinea to become premier of Manus province. He submitted himself to the severe test of trying to put into practice the radical ideas he had developed as a scholar in political science. Since his election in 1985 he has succeeded in introducing important changes, especially in the fields of government and education. He has also successfully resisted national government policy which his government considered detrimental to the sustenance of the province's natural resources. In his conference speech "Shaping and re-shaping of the Pacific - the perpetual European influence" Pokawin discussed the various ways in which Europeans continue to have a strong impact on developments in the Pacific. He also presented his vision of how Pacific communities may maintain their identity and integrity without closing themselves to positive aspects of Western institutions and technology.
The keynote address was followed by short commentaries by four distinguished scholars, namely Prof. Jonathan Friedman (University of Lund, Sweden), Prof. Maurice Godelier (École des Hautes Études, France), Prof. Roger Keesing (McGill University, Canada), and Prof. Caroline Ralston (Macquarie University, Australia). In addition to supporting the argument of the speech, they challenged Pokawin to be more outspoken on certain issues. He replied to these questions eloquently and certainly deserved the applause with which the audience spontaneously greeted him.
The last day of the conference again opened with a keynote address. Prof. Alan Howard of the University of Hawai'i was asked to represent Polynesian scholarship and to contribute to the general theme of the conference with a topical issue from this Pacific region. Prof Howard has published widely on both Polynesian and on general issues. The University of Hawai'i, including the East-West Centre, is one of the main world centres for studies in the Pacific Islands. Polynesian specialist Prof. Henri Claessen from Leiden University chaired the session.
As the topic for his speech, Prof. Howard had chosen "Reflections on history in Polynesia". He first discussed changing Western conceptions of Polynesian history and pointed to the importance of biography as a means of providing a more adequate picture and understanding of the past. Next, he analysed some Polynesian forms of history which are often not self-evident to Western observers. Because of long-term research involvement, anthropologists have become chroniclers of, and sometimes even actors in, Pacific history. Prof. Howard argued that scholars, while documenting (and practising) history, should opt for a critical attitude towards abuses of political and economic power, not only by (neo-)colonialists but also by Pacific Islanders themselves. The lecture inspired an animated discussion.
The last plenary session on Saturday afternoon did not involve a keynote lecture but had as the main item on its agenda the foundation of a European organisation for Oceanic Studies. Representatives from various European countries presented short descriptions of the situation of Oceanic Studies in their countries and they all supported the establishment of a European association. This idea was finally accepted by acclamation by the whole meeting. A report on the new organisation follows below. Importantly, a motion was put forward (by Prof. Daniel de Coppet) and accepted by the meeting that the board of the new organisation should investigate ways in which researchers can assist and support Pacific Islanders in their struggle for the maintenance of their own identity and against forces that negatively affect their living conditions.
Workshops
Ten different workshops (A to J) covered ten various sub- themes within the general theme of the conference. These sub-themes were: Changing political relations (A); Religion, Western imagery and cargo cults (B); Reaction to Western impact in remote societies (C); Material culture, consumer culture and recontextualisation (D); Cognition and change (E); Religion and social change (F); Changing cultures and (changing) natural resources (G); Politics of culture and identity (H); Changing gender relations (I) and Colonial history, European imagery, local identity (J).
The workshops consisted of one, two or three sessions, depending on the number of papers relevant to the sub-theme. Four sessions (of four different workshops) were held simultaneously at different locations. In every session two or three papers were presented. A number of the papers that were presented were relevant to more than one sub-theme and a few were even difficult to classify within the sub-themes. Within each cluster of papers (3, sometimes 2 papers) that made up a session of a workshop, the authors were asked to prepare a response to one of their fellow speaker(s).
The number of people attending the individual workshops varied between 20 and 45. This resulted generally in a balanced distribution over the various venues. According to the chairpersons of the workshops the academic standard of the papers was generally quite high and discussions were lively and stimulating. It seems fair to conclude that in general workshops were considered successful and productive.
For a list of the papers presented at the conference: see Appendix 1.
General impression
The registration at the Nijmegen Ethnological Museum on 17 December was rather informal. It was well-attended as was the reception presented to the participants and a number of guests after the opening and first keynote lecture. In the days that followed many of the participants decided to pay a second visit to the museum, where a special exhibition entitled "Pacific Images" was held.
The atmosphere at the conference was "Pacific style": rather "easy-going". The scholarly aspects of the lectures and workshops were manifold and discussions about research topics continued on enthusiastically during breaks and meals. However, although academic interest was the most important reason for the participants to gather in Nijmegen, conversations included many other topics. Many participants also took the opportunity to meet with friends and/or fellow researchers and several appointments were made for future meetings.
The centre of organisational activities during the conference was the information desk at the entrance hall of the Psychological Laboratory. Beside information on practical conference matters, some material, including a number of books, was displayed there. It was interesting to see how, in the course of the conference, participants found their way through the Psychological Laboratory, the building where also the workshops and keynote lectures were held in rooms next to one another, but more often in rooms far apart. Some of the meals were served in other buildings on the University Campus which at some stages caused confusion. All in all, however, everyone arrived at the right place on the right time, mostly thanks to the assisting volunteers, who developed their own system of signs. Sometimes they even acted as signposts (or sheepdogs!) themselves, which was well appreciated.
In general the conference was well-balanced with "official" and serious meetings interchanging with "unofficial" and casual moments. Nevertheless a conference like this can be very energy-consuming: it lasted for almost two-and-a-half days with keynotespeeches beginning at 9.30 a.m. and a programme continuing until 10.00 p.m.. The conference dinner in the Waag on Saturday night finally meant a relief to most participants and to the organisers. After dinner, Friederike Platzdasch, one of the participants, gave a demonstration of Tahitian dance. This encouraged some of the people to begin dancing themselves. At this stage the first complaint about the conference was heard: "Why aren't there more people on the dance-floor?"
The Foundation of the "European Society for Oceanists"
(ESO)
During the final plenary session of the "First European Colloquium on Pacific Studies", which was chaired by Ton Otto, a decision was reached to establish a special organization for anthropologists and researchers in the social sciences and the humanities with a regional interest in Oceania. "Oceania" was defined as including the South Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Australia and New Zealand.
In the meantime, this organization has been named: The "European Society for Oceanists" (ESO). Its board, confirmed by the plenary session at the end of the colloquium, consists of two representatives each from those European countries where research in Oceania is traditionally firmly established, i.e. Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Spain/Portugal. For the next two years the board will be chaired by Jürg Wassmann and Verena Keck (both Basel, Switzerland).
The ESO addresses itself specifically (but not exclusively) to European researchers. In the context of an increasingly intensive political, economic and academic (keyword: Erasmus-programme) cooperation in Europe, the new society aims at enhancing intellectual cooperation between individual researchers and between institutions (universities, museums) within but also outside of Europe. This goal is to be achieved by publishing a newsletter, by establishing an information network and by organizing conferences every two years in one of the various European countries. The next conference will be held in Basel, from 15 to 17 December, 1994.
The ESO wishes to be understood as an interdisciplinary organisation; membership is open to anthropologists, linguists, historians, geographers, psychologists and other researchers in the social sciences and the humanities. Non- European researchers likewise are very welcome to join the ESO. Cooperation with other Oceanists' organizations is envisaged.
Report on the publication of papers
Several publications will be proceeding from the First European Colloquium on Pacific Studies. Ton Otto is editing the keynote lectures for publication in a separate volume, probably in the series of the Centre for Pacific Studies. In addition, a limited number of papers have been selected for publication in one of four (perhaps five) collections of essays which are planned to be edited for publication. The subjects these volumes have been selected on the basis of the number of papers concerned with similar issues. The main criterion for the selection of papers involved their interaction with other papers.
Ad Borsboom and Ton Otto are editing a volume comprising the majority of the papers that were contributed to two workshops dealing with religion ("Religion, Western Imagery and Cargo Cults"; "Religion and Social Change"). This volume is likely to appear in the monograph series of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology at Leiden.
Paul van der Grijp and Toon van Meijl are editing papers on the following themes: "Changing Political Relations", The Politics of Culture and Identity" and "Colonial History, European Imagery and Local Identity". At the moment it is still unclear whether this will result in two or three volumes, depending both on the number of invitees interested in submitting a revised paper for publication and the views held by editors and reviewers. However, it seems likely that the contributions to the workshop on "Colonial History, European Imagery and Local Identity" will be published collectively in a special issue of a journal - the editors are considering submission to History and Anthropology. The contributions concerned with changing political relations and the politics of culture may be published together in a volume, or as a special issue of a journal, though at this point it can not be ruled out that they will appear as two separate publications. In any case, one series of essays is likely to be published in a special issue of the journal of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology (Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde).
APPENDIX 1 - List of workshops and papers
Changing political relations (A)
This workshop dealt with traditional and modern forms of leadership, with the tension between these forms, and with the use of violence.
Paul van der Grijp:
The making of a modern chiefdom-state: the case of Tonga in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Rolf Kuschel:
Killing begets killing: homicides and blood feuds on a Polynesian outlier.
Barbara Lüem:
A new king for Nanumaga? Changing demands for leadership and authority in a Polynesian society.
Toon van Meijl:
The re-emergence of Maori chiefs; 'devolution' as a strategy to maintain tribal authority.
Andrew Strathern (read by Roger Keesing):
Elections and violence as political practice in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea.
Gabriele Weiss:
Comparing 'traditional' and contemporary leadership in Papua New Guinea (Melanesia), Western Samoa (Polynesia) and Palau (Micronesia).
Religion, Western imagery and cargo cults (B)
The papers in this workshop focussed on Western conceptualisation of millenarian and other movements, and on the influence of Western concepts and discourse.
Ad Borsboom:
Millenarian movements, Australian Aborigines and the European myth of primitivism.
Elfriede Hermann:
'Kastom' versus 'Cargo cult'; emotional discourse on the Yali movement in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Sjoerd Jaarsma:
Ethnographic perceptions of Cargo; the 'invention' of a concept.
Michel Panoff:
A cargo cult among the Maenge of New Britain.
Harvey Whitehouse:
The politics of revelation: the pomio kivung and the taro cult as alternative politico-religious regimes.
Reaction to Western impact in remote societies (C)
The papers in this workshop investigated the reactions to Western impact in some remote Melanesian societies.
Maurice Godelier:
Is the West the model for humankind? The Baruya of New Guinea between change and decay.
Jan Godschalk:
Processes of change among the Sela people in the Eastern Highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
Verena Keck:
Talks about a changing world. Young Yupno in Papua New Guinea debate their future.
Material culture, consumer culture and recontextualisation (D)
The workshop dealt with traditional and modern meanings and uses of traditional and modern objects and artistic expressions.
John Liep:
The local appropriation of a consumer good: the ritual use of Johnson's baby powder in the Massim, Papua New Guinea.
Dirk Smidt:
Symbolic meaning in Kominimung woodcarvings.
Jaap Timmer:
Inclined to be authentic: altered contexts and tourism in a Huli society.
Ien de Vries:
Contemporary fine arts of Papua New Guinea; some observations.
Cognition and change (E)
This session was centered around continuity and change in cognitive and emotional systems, and with the relation between these systems and linguistic and social change.
Steen Bergendorff:
The politics of Mekeo myth. A language of harmony.
Ger Reesink:
Tradition and change in a Papuan language.
Borut Telban:
Fear of being seen and fear of the unseen in Ambonwari, Papua New Guinea.
Jürg Wassmann:
Worlds in mind. The experience of an outside world in a community of the Finisterre Range of Papua New Guinea.
Religion and social change (F)
This theme concerned traditional religions and changes there-in, Pacific Christianity and syncretism, and what we can learn from oral tradition.
Theodor Ahrens:
The promise of new life: some comments on the dynamics of Christianity in Oceania.
Chris Ballard:
The fire next time: British Petroleum, the Book of Revelations and Huli ritual.
Horst Cain and Annette Bierbach:
The Rapanui Pantheon.
H.C. Dosedla:
Oral tradition, historical consciousness and cultural change among the Mbowamb of the central highlands of Papua New Guinea.
Elisabetta Gnecchi-Ruscone:
Church day feasts as negation of vasai.
Holger Jebens:
Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists and the impact of tradition in Pairudu (Southern Highlands Province, PNG).
Wolfgang Kempf:
Male initiation in a colonized world: The case of the Sibog (Ngaing), Papua New Guinea.
Gunter Senft:
Magic, missionaries, and religion - some observations from the Trobriand Islands.
Thomas Widlok:
Travelling rituals in Australia. Tradition and transformation.
Changing cultures and (changing) natural resources (G)
The papers dealt with the mutual articulation of indigenous and foreign conceptions about access to natural resources and also with changes in the natural environment resulting from and impacting on cultural practices.
Martin van Bakel:
Transformation and tradition: environmental degradation in Polynesia.
Edvard Hviding:
Indigenous essentialism? "Simplifying" customary land ownership in New Georgia, Solomon Islands.
Teresa del Valle:
Land and ritual linkages with the past in Chamorro society (Mariana Islands).
Politics of culture and identity (H)
The theme focused on the use of culture as a political factor, on the creation of national cultures and sub- national identities.
Jonathan Friedman:
Global process and the development of Hawaiian identity.
Eric Hirsch:
Local persons, national names: space, time and perspective among the Fuyuge, Papua New Guinea.
Michael Jacobsen:
National cultures - between or betwixt?
Christin Kocher-Schmid:
Cultural identity as a coping strategy towards modern political structures: The Nayudos case.
Anton Ploeg:
The use of culture in a multi-cultural state: The case of the Kovai, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Changing gender relations (I)
This workshop dealt with the impact of new economic and political opportunities, the loss of traditional knowledge and identities, and the influence of an ideology of tradition.
Paula van den Berg:
Gender constructions in changing matrilineal Bougainville society.
Christine Jourdan:
Bridewealth revisited (Honiara, Solomon Islands).
Christine Loytved:
Midwives in between: some thoughts on the training of traditional birth attendants in Samoa, Tonga and Fiji.
Anna Paini:
Kanak women from Drueulu (N. Caledonia): "Negotiating" identities in a changing world.
Caroline Ralston:
Maori women and the politics of tradition: What roles and power did, do, and should Maori women exercise?
Colonial history, European imagery, local identity (J)
The general topic of this workshop was the development and the mutual articulation of European and Pacific images and identities in colonial and post-colonial history.
Henri Claessen:
Eighteenth century Tahitians - The views of the early European visitors.
Wolfgang Kempf:
Colonized colonizers: Samoan pastors in northeast New Guinea (1912-33).
Jean Kommers:
Colonial ethnography in the western Pacific.
Peter Mesenhöller:
Different perceptions of the past? Colonial photography of Samoa and the issue of tradition (fa'a Samoa).
Terence Wright:
The Trobriand photographs of Bronislaw Malinowski.
APPENDIX 2 - ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS
Abbink, Dr. Jan, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Aerts, Mr. Ed, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Research Methods, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Ahrens, Prof.Dr. Theodor, Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Ev. Theologie, Oekumenisches Seminar, Sedanstrasse 19, D-2000 Hamburg 13, Germany
Bakel, Dr. M.A. van, Leiden University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Cultural Anthropology, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
Ballard, Mr. Chris, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
Bargatzky, Prof.Dr. Thomas, Universität Bayreuth, Ethnologie, Postfach 10 12 51, W-8580 Bayreuth, Germany
Berg, Ms. Paula van den, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Bergendorff, Mr. Steen, University of Copenhagen, Institute of Anthropology, Frederiksholms Kanal 4, DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Bierbach, Ms. Annette, Blumenthalstr. 30, D-5000 Köln 1,Germany
Bonnemère Ms. Pascale, C.N.R.S., 7 rue Littré, 75006 Paris, France
Borsboom, Dr. Ad P., University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Burt, Dr. Ben, The British Museum, Museum of Mankind, Burlington Gardens, London W1X 2EX, Great Britain
Cain, Dr. Horst, Blumenthalstr. 30, D-5000 Köln 1, Germany
Claessen, Prof.Dr. Henri J.M., Leiden University, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
Coppet, Prof.Dr. Daniel de, ERASME/EHESS, 105, Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
Deterts, Ms. Dorothea, Nikolausstr. 68, D-5000 Köln 41, Germany
Dosedla, Dr. H.C., Heusteigstrasse 101 b, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany
Edwards, Dr. Elizabeth, University of Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum, School of Anthropology and Museum, Ethnography, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PP, Great Britain
Feil, Dr. Daryl K., NIAS, Meijboomlaan 1, 2242 PR Wassenaar, The Netherlands
Fenner, Dr. Burkhard, Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Department of Oceania, Ubierring 45, D-5000 Köln 1, Germany
Friedman, Prof.Dr. Jonathan, University of Lund, Dept. of Social Anthropology, P.O. Box 114, S-22222 Lund , Sweden
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Dr. Elisabetta, Alzaia Naviglio Grande 6, 20144 Milano, Italy
Godelier, Prof.Dr. Maurice, École des Hautes Études, en Sciences Sociales, Bureau 929, 54, Bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
Godschalk, Mr. Jan, Julianalaan 20, 4116 CH Buren, The Netherlands
Greindl, Ms. Delphine , University of Brussel, Dept. of Anthropology, 42, Rue des Aulnois, 7090 Hennuyeres, Belgium
Grijp, Dr. Paul van der, and Ms. Françoise Marsaudon, University of Utrecht, Dept. of Cultural Anthropology, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
Gross, Ms. Claudia, University of Manchester, Dept. of Social Anthropology, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, Great Britain
Guiart, Prof. Dr. Jean, Société des Ocanistes, Museé de l'Homme, Palais de Chaillot, 34 Rue Dareau, F-75014 Paris, France
Gustafsson, Ms. Berit , University of Gothenburg, Institute for Advanced Studies, in Social Anthropology, Västra Hamngatan 3, S-411 17 Göteborg, Sweden
Hasager, Dr. Ulla , University of Copenhagen, Institute of Anthropology, Frederiksholms Kanal 4, DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Heinst, Ms. Annemiek , Griftdijk 9-23,6678 KC Oosterhout, The Netherlands
Heintze, Dr. Dieter , Curator Australia and Oceania, Uebersee Museum, Bahnhofsplatz 13, D-2800 Bremen 1, Germany
Henriques, Dr. Peter , University of Copenhagen, Institute of Anthropology, Frederiksholms Kanal 4, DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Hermann, Ms. Elfriede , Brühlhof 1, D-7400 Tübingen, Germany
Hide, Dr. Robin , Department of Human Geography, Division of Society and Environment, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
Hirsch, Dr. Eric, Brunel University, Dept. of Human Sciences, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, Great Britain
Hoekstra, Mr. Fer, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ethnological Museum, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Holst, Dr. Lesley P., Barthsgade 12A, 3.tv, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
Howard, Prof.Dr. Alan, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu HI 96822, Hawai'i, U.S.A.
Huizer, Prof.Dr. Gerrit, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Third World Centre, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Hüsken, Prof.Dr. Frans, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Hviding, Dr. Edvard, University of Bergen, Centre for Development Studies, Stromgaten 54, 5007 Bergen. Norway
Iteanu, Dr. André, Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, ERASME-EHESS, 105, Boulevard Raspail, F- 75006 Paris, France
Jaarsma, Dr. Sjoerd R., University of Utrecht, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Cultural Anthropology, P.O.Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
Jacobsen, Dr. Michael, University of Copenhagen, Institute of Anthropology, Frederiksholms Kanal 4, DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Jebens, Mr. Holger, Zeppelinstr. 94, W-1000 Berlin 20, Germany
Jourdan, Dr. Christine, Dept. of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T7, Canada
Keck, Dr. Verena, University of Basel, Ethnologisches Seminar, Münsterplatz 19, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
Keesing, Prof.Dr. Roger M., Dept. of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T7, Canada
Kempf, Dr. Wolfgang, Brühlhof 1, D-7400 Tübingen-Bühl, Germany
Kimmel, Ms. Andrea, Krüthstr. 30, D-5000 Köln 60, Germany
Kluyskens, Ms. Claire, Drielindenstraat 123 b67, 1170 Brussels, Belgium
Knippenberg, Mr. Luuk, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Third World Centre, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Knoblauch, Dr. Reinhard v., Wolferöder Str. 14, D-3570 Stadtallendorf Hatzbach, Germany
Koch, Mr. Michael, University of Hamburg, Rutschbahn 10, D- 2000 Hamburg 13, Germany
Kocher-Schmid, Dr. Christin, c/o Museum für Völkerkunde, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
Kofod, Mr. Jens, Ingerslevsgade 120, 2 th, DK-1705 Copenhagen V, Denmark
Kommers, Dr. Jean, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Koster, Dr. Rita de , Minervalaan 96, 1077 PM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kuschel, Dr. Rolf, University of Copenhagen, Psychological Laboratory, Njalsgade 88, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
Lemonnier, Prof.Dr. Pierre, Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, E.R.A.S.M.E., 105, Boulevard Raspail, F- 75006 Paris, France
Lepla, Mr. Fabrice, 29 rue Louis HAP, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
Lienert-Emmerlich, Ms. Heide, Harkshörner Weg 55, D-2000 Norderstedt, Germany
Liep, Prof.Dr. John , University of Copenhagen, Institute of Anthropology, Frederiksholms Kanal 4, DK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Loytved, Ms. Christine A.L. , Institut für Völkerkunde, Theaterplatz 15, D-3400 Göttingen, Germany
Lüem, Dr. Barbara , Ethnologisches Seminar, Münsterplatz 19, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
Meijl, Dr. Toon van , University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Pacific Studies, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Meiracker, Mr. Kees van den, Willemskade 25, 3016 DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Melssen, Mr. Fred, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Pacific Studies, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands, E-mail: u211610@KUNRC1.URC.KUN.NL
Menter, Mr. Ulrich, Honoldweg 13 A, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany
Meran, Ms. Cornelia, Währingerstr. 26/19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Mersch, Dr. Matthias, Bahnhofstr. 20, D-8100 Garmisch- Partenkirchen, Germany
Mesenhöller. Dr. Peter, Karolingerring 31, D-5000 Köln 1, Germany
Miedema, Dr. J., Leiden University, Department of Languages and Cultures, of South-East Asia and Oceania, P.N. van Eyckhof 3, 2311 BV Leiden, The Netherlands
Monnier. Mr. Alain, 20 bis Rue Goetz-Monin, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland
Nieuwenhuijsen-Riedeman, Dr. Cora van, Vermeerlaan 3, 1412 JX Naarden, The Netherlands
Nieuwenhuijsen, Mr. Jan van, Vermeerlaan 3, 1412 JX Naarden, The Netherlands
O'Hanlon, Dr. Michael, The British Museum, Department of Ethnography, Museum of Mankind, 6 Burlington Gardens, London W1X 2EX, Great Britain
Ohnemus, Ms. Sylvia, Museum für Völkerkunde und Schweizerisches Museum, für Volkskunde, Dept. of Oceania, Postfach 1048, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
Otto, Dr. Ton, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Pacific Studies, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Paini, Ms. Anna, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. West, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T7, Canada
Panoff, Dr. Michel, Directeur de Récherche, C.N.R.S., 8, rue Fustel de Coulanges, 75005 Paris, France
Platzdash, Ms. Friederike, Wilseder Bergstr. 11, D-2800 Bremen 41, Germany
Ploeg, Dr. Anton, Prinses Irenelaan 14, 3708 EL Zeist, The Netherlands
Pokawin , Mr. Stephen P. MPA, Manus Provincial Government, Office of the Premier, P.O. Box 190, Lorengau, Manus, Papua New Guinea
Pouwer, Prof.Dr. Jan, Nieuwe Veenendaalsweg 229, 3911 MJ Rhenen, The Netherlands
Probst, Dr. Peter, Museum für Völkerkunde, Abteilung Südsee, Arnimallee 27, D-1000 Berlin 33 (Dahlem), Germany
Raabe, Dr. Eva Ch., Museum für Völkerkunde Frankfurt, Department of Oceania, Schaumainkai 29, D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 70, Germany
Ralston, Prof.Dr. Caroline, Macquarie University, History Department, Sydney, N.S.W. 2109, Australia
Reesink, Dr. Ger P., Leiden University, Department of Languages and Cultures, of South-East Asia and Oceania, P.N. van Eyckhof 3, 2311 BV Leiden, The Netherlands
Regel, Ms. Angelika, Köpenicker Str. 8A, III. Aufgang, 1000 Berlin 36, Germany
Schade, Dr. Anette, Graefestr. 7, 1000 Berlin 61, Germany
Schieffelin, Prof.Dr. Edward, University College, Dept. of Anthropology, London WC1E 6BT, Great Britain
Schleip, Mr. Dietrich, Stöckachstr. 3, W-7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany
Schmidt, Ms. Andrea E., Sautierstr. 67, D-7800 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
Schmidt, Dr. Hans, Universität Hamburg, Seminar für Indonesische und Südseesprachen, Bogenallee 11, D-2000 Hamburg 13, Germany
Schwartz, Dr. Rüdiger, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Carl- Diem-Weg 6, D-5000 Köln 41, Germany
Senft, Dr. Gunter, Max Planck Institute for Psycho- linguistics, Cognitive Anthropology Research Group, P.O. Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Smidt, Mr. Dirk, Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, P.O. Box 212, 2300 AE Leiden, The Netherlands
Spee, Ms. Margot H., Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, P.O. Box 212, 2300 AE Leiden, The Netherlands
Stanek, Dr. Milan, University of Zürich, Ethnologisches Seminar, Freiensteinstr. 5, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland
Stein, Dr. Roland, Ringstr.19, W-6662 Contwig 2, Germany
Stok, Mr. Leen, Kerkewijk 106, 3904 JG Veenendaal, The Netherlands
Struck, Dr. Marion, Universität Hamburg, Seminar für Indonesische und Südseesprachen, Bogenalee 11, D-2000 Hamburg 13, Germany
Stucki, Mr. André, 13 Rue Pestalozzi, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
Telban, Mr. Borut, Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Anthropology, GPO Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
Timmer, Mr. Jaap, University of Amsterdam, Antropological- Sociological Centre, P.O. Box 63113, 1005 LC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Valle, Prof.Dr. Teresa del, University of Pais Vasco, Facultad de Filosofia y CC de la Education, Dpto. de Filosofia de los Valores y Antropologia Social, Apertado 1.249, 20012 San-Sebastian - Donostia, Spain
Vanhoof, Mr. Dirk W.K., University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Venbrux, Mr. Eric, University of Nijmegen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Visser, Dr. Leontine, Coornhertdreef 46, 2353 CG Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
Vlies, Mr. Peter van den, Kuiperstraat 100-1, 1073 ES Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Voorhoeve, Dr. Bert, Coornhertdreef 46, 2353 CG Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
Vries, Ms. Ien de, Amsteldijk 105 d, 1074 JG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wassmann, Dr. Jürg, Max Planck Institute for Psycho- linguistics, Cognitive Anthropology Research Group, P.O. Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Weiss, Dr.Gabriele, Institut für Völkerkunde der Universität Wien, Univ.Strasse 7/IV, A-1010 Wien, Austria
Weiss, Dr. Florence, University of Basel, Ethnologisches Seminar, Münsterplatz 19, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
Whitehouse, Dr. Harvey, Dept. of Social Anthropology, Queen's University of Belfast, 29-30 University Square, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Widlok, Mr. Thomas, London School of Economics, Department of Anthropology, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, Great Britain
Wolf, Mr. Werner, Luxemburger Str. 264, D-5000 Köln 41, Germany
Wright, Dr. Terence, Luton College of Higher Education, Park Square, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3JU, Great Britain