BOOKS

Arbeit, Wendy: Tapa in Tonga.

1995. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824817273.

"The distinct sound of tapa being beaten is heard daily in Tonga, except at times of mourning. Its use marks every important occasion. This book looks at the 'Tongan way' in use of decorative patterns, techniques of manufacture and decoration, and methods of use."

Ayers, William, and Gabriella Ayers (translators): Geiseler's Easter Island Report: An 1880's Anthropological Account.

1995. Hawaii: University of Hawaii. ISBN 0824815556.

"This 1882 report on Easter Island gives observations on early life on the island. Geiseler was an officer in the German Imperial Navy on the first gunboat to reach the island. The crew had specific instructions for ethnological collecting thus accounting for the 'breadth and quality of information' in this report."

Bathgate, Murray: Mortality in Papua New Guinea.

1995. Wellington: Alexander Enterprise. ISBN 0908901038.

"A detailed study on the causes, levels and changing patterns of mortality in Papua New Guinea."

Bell, Gavin: In Search of Tusitala: Travels in the Pacific after Robert Louis Stevenson.

1995. London: Picador. ISBN X10044 (hardcover).

"Bell trails Robert Louis Stevenson through the Pacific, using Stevenson's own books, diaries and letters as reference. He travels through French Polynesia, Hawaii and Kiribati, and eventually ends up in Samoa."

Bellwood, Peter, et al. (eds): The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.

1995. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 0731515781 (softcover).

"The Austronesian speaking populations of the world live in the broad band stretching from Madagascar to Easter Island and from Taiwan to New Zealand. The seventeen papers in this collection represent a general survey of these diverse populations. It focuses on common origins and historical developments in the fields of linguistics, prehistory, anthropology and recorded history."

Biersack, Aletta (ed.): Papuan Borderlands. Huli, Duna, and Ipili Perspectives on the Papua New Guinea Highlands.

1995. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472106015.

"At the time Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975, the area of the western Highlands was considered a remote hinterland of the new nation-state. Today its mineral wealth - the sensational Porgera vein of gold has given rise to the largest gold mine outside South Africa - has made it important to national and international economies. Focusing on the history and culture of the Huli, Duna, Ipili peoples, this volume provides a timely response to the keen interest in this remote, rural, and still largely traditional area.

"Heretofore, contrasts drawn between the Strickland-Bosavi region to the west and the Enga-Mendi-Hagen region to the east have informed much of contemporary Highlands theory concerning the links between and among production, exchange, group formation, and sex and gender. In Papuan Borderlands, major scholars who have conducted research in this area take up those topics and more - including myth, ritual, social organization and adaptation, and contemporary gold mining and its politics - in exploring a critical interstitial zone, supplying information that will contribute significantly to present debates.

"In addition to its primary ethnographic importance, Papuan Borderlands makes crucial theoretical contributions to the study of anthropology and history. Far from being isolated and self-constituting, the various valleys and ethnic groups this volume represents were traditionally linked through marriage, ritual, travel, and trade. Blending and syncretism took place before as well as after "first contact"; the anthropology of this area must therefore be pursued as a history of contact, traditional as well as colonial and postcolonial. Such a history centers on intercultural processes unfolding in borderlands, and it challenges any presumption that local entities are 'encapsulated' within national or global entities."

Binney, Judith: Redemption Song: A Life of Te Kooti Arikiranga Te Turiki.

1995. Wellington: Auckland University Press/Bridget Williams Books. ISBN X8922.

"The story of Te Kooti's life is told in detail. It chronicles the time he spent as a guerilla fighter as he fought a controlled war against land confiscation and illicit land sales. Counterbalancing this is the leadership he gave after the wars, and his commitment to ongoing peace. This biography is drawn from oral narratives, recorded sayings, and song texts and the letters and diaries of many people including around sixty written by Te Kooti himself. Includes around 170 photographs, many previously unpublished."

Booth, Bradford, and Ernest Mehew (editors): Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson

Volume 7 and 8. 1995. USA: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300062133 and 0300062141.

"These collections of letters of Robert Louis Stevenson create a vivid picture of his life. They cover the last four years of his life spent in Samoa for health reasons. We learn about the early pioneering days and the establishment of the Vailima Plantation, his family life, his hospitality to Samoan chiefs and white visitors, and his involvement in local politics."

Brown, Paula: Beyond a Mountain Valley: The Simbu of Papua New Guinea.

1995. Hawaii: University of Hawaii. ISBN 082481701X.

"The Simbu people of the New Guinea highlands were completely isolated from the rest of the world until 1933. This is a study of their 'memories, performances and conceptions' over the last sixty years - since their first

encounters with 'airplanes and white strangers'."

Busse, Mark, et al.: People of Lake Kutubu and Kikori: Changings in Daily Life.

1995. PNG: Papua New Guinea National Museum. ISBN 9980855134.

"This is a study of oil discovery in Papua New Guinea and the effect this has had on the environment and the people. It looks at the changing meanings of objects and customs and 'gives a sense of contemporary life' in the area."

Carrier, James G. (ed.): Occidentalism. Images of the West.

1995. Corby, Northamptonshire: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). ISBN 0-19-827978-7 (hardback) and 0-19-827979-5 (paperback). 288 pp.

"Occidentalism is an investigation of images of Western cultural identity. Edward Said's Orientalism revolutionized Western understanding of non-Western cultures showing how Western projected images shaped the Occidental view of the Orient, but those who follow Said have not until now reflected that understanding back onto Western societies. This volume shows how images of the West shape people's conceptions of themselves and others, and how these images are in turn shaped by members of Western and non-Western societies alike."

Contributors: Lamont Lindstrom, Deborah Reed-Danahay, James G. Carrier, Jane Nadel-Klein, Millie R Creighton, Deborah B. Gewertz, Frederick K. Errington, Robert Thornton, Michael Herzfeld, Jonathan Spencer.

David, Andrew: The Voyage of H.M.S. "Herald".

1995. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0522843905 (hardcover).

"A fascinating account of the voyages of the H.M.S." Herald" as it surveyed the south-west Pacific and most of the Australian coast from 1852 to 1861. It accounts the difficulties experienced, contact with indigenous peoples, descriptions of cultural practices, botanical and ornithological discoveries, and gives insight into the complex relationships between colonial officials, missionaries and native peoples."

Dornoy-Vurobaravu, Myriam: Policies and Perceptions of France in the South Pacific: New Caledonia and Vanuatu.

1995. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9820200997.

"A bilingual text that looks at perceptions of French policies in the South Pacific and the role they have played in strengthening traditional links during the 1980s. Also includes New Zealand and Australian French relations."

Finnegan, Ruth, and Margaret Orbell (eds): South Pacific Oral Traditions.

1995. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253328683.

"Contributors from anthropology, ethnomusicology, folklore, literature and history demonstrate that oral media and native cultural forms are still vital throughout the South Pacific."

Contributors: Judith Huntsman and Raymond Firth (among others).

Foster, Robert J. (ed.): Nation Making. Emergent Identities in Postcolonial Melanesia.

1995. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472105582.

"In this theoretically sophisticated volume, contributors examine the process of nation making in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu - states that attained formal political independence between 1970 and 1980. The remarkable cultural diversity within these states demands close ethnographic study of different groups and their contesting definitions of nationhood and leads to highly original approaches.

"Drawing freely upon Benedict Anderson's influential essay Imagined Communities, the essays explore the political conditions and cultural assumptions that inform how Melanesians variously imagine a national community. The authors interpret a wide range of materials, such as political speeches, official ceremonies of state, newspaper advertisements, and life crisis rites in order to analyse the narratives and practices through which Melanesians make or fail to make nations and national identities.

"Comparative and historical in its orientation, the volume discusses both the efforts of state agencies to make a national culture and the counter-efforts of certain individuals and groups to appropriate or subvert such a national culture for locally defined ends. The legacies of divisive colonial rule, the weakness of the postcolonial state, and the exigencies of capitalist markets all undermine the processes of nation making in contemporary Melanesia. Finally, the essays demonstrate how new forms of popular and consumer culture potentially shape an emergent national consciousness."

Fowke, John: Kundi Dan: Dan Leahy's Life among the Highlanders of Papua New Guinea.

St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702226467.

"During adventurous goldmining expeditions of the 1930s in Papua New Guinea's remote ranges, the Leahy brothers met communities that had never before been visited."

Frost, Alan: The Precarios life of James Mario Matra: Voyager with Cook, American Loyalist, Servant of Empire.

1995. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. ISBN 052284667X (hardcover).

"In 1768 Matra sailed with Captain Cook to 'unknown parts of the world'. On his return in 1771, he anonymously published the first major account of Cook's voyage. After losing his family inheritance in the US civil war, Matra took up various foreign posts. In 1783 he proposed a British settlement in New South Wales to compensate for the recent loss of American colonies. This proposal was taken up and the settlement was used as asylum for dispossessed American loyalists, built by young convicts. Matra died in Tangier in 1806."

Götzfridt, Nicholas J.: Indigenous Literature of Oceania: A Survey of Criticism and Interpretation.

1995. Westport, CT & London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29173-X.

Contents: Foreword by Vilsoni Hereniko; Acknowledgements; Introduction; Oceania, General; Pacific Islands; Aotearoa-New Zealand; Australia; Bibliography; Title and Author Index; Critics Index; Subject Index.

"Oceania has a rich and growing literary tradition. The imaginative literature that emerged in the 1960s often reflected the forms and structures of European literature, though the ideas expressed were typically anticolonial. After three decades, the literature of Oceania has become much more complex, in terms of styles and voices. While the written literature of Oceania is continuously gaining more critical attention, questions about the imposition of European literary standards and values as further extension of colonialism in the Pacific have become a central issue."

Goodale, Jane C.: To Sing with Pigs is Human. The Concept of Person in Papua New Guinea.

1995. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

"Melanesia has been the research focus of some of anthropology's legendary names. In the best tradition of Melanesian scholarship, Jane Goodale writes here of the Kaulong who live in the deep forests of New Britain, an island in the vast territory of Papua New Guinea. Even in the last half of the twentieth century, the Kaulong's contact with the outside world through government patrols and missionaries has been minimal. Their story enhances our understanding of Melanesia and adds new and significant material to the comparison of Oceanic cultures and societies."

Greif, Stuart W. (editor): Immigration and National Identity in New Zealand.

1995. Palmerston North: Dumore Press. ISBN 0864692382 (softcover).

"This book examines New Zealand immigration policy and immigrant groups within New Zealand. The immigration policy reflects the social philosophies of the time, and a lot about how we feel about ourselves and our national identity. The contributors come from a variety of backgrounds. They include Ranginui Walker, Ramesh Thakur, Manying Ip and Hal Levine."

Hezel, Francis: Strangers in their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands.

1995. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824816420 (hardcover).

"A social history of the Caroline and Marshall Islands, which looks in depth at colonialization of the islands and the strategies in the islanders developed for survival under Spanish, German, Japanese and American rule."

Hiery, Hermann Joseph: The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War One.

1995. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824816684.

"This book looks at the effect World War One had on the indigenous populations of the Pacific. Previously this effect was thought to be minimal, but this study changes this original interpretation. Hiery tells of how the Pacific Islanders coped with the dramatic changes - 'masquerades and coverups, negligence and duplicity, leading in some cases to full-blown atrocities'."

Hviding, Edvard: Guardians of Marova Lagoon: Practice, Place, and Politics in Maritime Melanesia.

1995. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. ISBN 0824816641.

"The Marovo people of New Georgia in the Western Solomon Islands demonstrate an 'extraordinary ecological complexity' in their maritime traditions, fishing and lifestyle focused on the sea. This anthropological study looks at these people, their vast knowledge of the coastal environment, as well as the social relationships that have evolved and the way they preserve their way of life in a changing world."

Jackson, Michael: At Home in the World.

1995. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 27708 0660

"Ours is a century of uprootedness, with fewer and fewer people living out their lives where they are born. At such a time, in such a world, what does it mean to be 'at home'? At Home in the World chronicles Jackson's experience among the Walpiri of the Tanami Desert - a place where dwelling is not synonymous with being housed and settled. Blending narrative ethnography, empirical research, philosophy, and poetry, Jackson focuses on the existential meaning of being at home in the world."

Jebens, Holger: Wege zum Himmel. Katholiken, Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten und der Einfluss der traditionellen Religion in Pairudu, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.

1995. Bonn, Germany: Holos Wissenschaftliche Verlag und Medien. ISBN 3-86097-095-X (paperback).

"In vielen Regionen von Papua-Neuguinea gelten die unterschiedlichen Formen des Christentums im Prinzip als unterschiedliche 'Wege zum Himmel'. Die Art und Weise, in der die Einheimischen diese Wege theoretisch-kognitiv konzipieren und praktisch-rituell beschreiten, ist von ethnologischer Seite bislang nicht systematisch beschrieben und analysiert worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die indigenen Umgang mit dem Christentum am Beispiel von Pairudu, einem in Southern Highlands Province von Papua-Neuguinea gelegen Dorf, dessen Bewohner zur 40-50000 Personen zählenden Sprachgruppe der Kewa gehören. In Pairudu erfolgten die ersten Kontakte mit Repräsentanten der westlichen Welt erst gegen Ende der fünfziger Jahre. Dabei setzt sich die Rezeption des Christentums mit dem Beginn der katholischen Missionierung, mit der zunehmenden Konversion zur Kirche der Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten und mit der Durchführung einer Heiliggeistbewegung im wesentlichen aus drei Phasen zusammen. Die Analyse dieses Prozesses erfolgt einem religionsethnologischen Ansatz und gibt Aufschluss über das Verhältnis sowohl von traditioneller Religion und Christentum als auch von Katholiken und Adventisten. Als christliche Fundamentalisten repräsentieren die Siebenten-Tags-Adventisten eine religiös begründete Opposition gegen die importierte Moderne. Dabei bezahlen die Entlastung von den Anforderungen dieser Moderne im Grunde mit dem Verzicht auf dieselbe Autonomie, die durch die Rezeption des Christentums zurückgewonnen Werden sollte."

Jones, Pei Te Hurinui, and Bruce Briggs (translator): Nga Iwi O Tainui: Traditional History of the Tainui People/Nga Koorero Tuku Iho Na Nga Iwi O Tainui.

1995. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869401190 (hardcover).

"A bilingual collection of histories, genealogies, songs and chants of the Tainui people. It represents the culmination of a life's work by the late historian Dr Pei Te Hurinui Jones."

Kelsey, Jane: A Model Country? Economic Fundamentalism and its Consequences in Aotearoa New Zealand.

1995. Auckland University Press/Bridget Williams Books. ISBN 1869401301.

"New Zealand is often hailed as a world leader and model country in the areas of women's rights, the birth of the welfare state and being clean, green and nuclear free. More recently the 'application of neo-liberal economic theory' is another area in which New Zealand is considered a world model. Kelsey challenges the basis of these claims, and looks at the new economic regime in New Zealand and discusses the effects it has on our lives, community and country."

Lindstrom, Lamont, and Geoffrey White: Culture, Kastom, Tradition: Developing Cultural Policy in Melanesia.

1995. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9820201020 (softcover).

"Using three Melanesian countries for the study, this book looks at the cultural development programmes and policies in each country: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The authors survey efforts that have been made to protect and promote the diverse cultures of this area, from national approaches to the responsibilities of researchers working in the region."

Maude, H.C.; Maude, H.E.: The Book of Banaba.

1995. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 064620128 (soft cover).

"A historical record of the traditional lifestyles of the Banabans before their culture was devastated by phosphate mining and they were forced to resettle on the island of Rabi in Fiji."

McCan, David Clark: Whatiwhatihoe - The Waikato Raupatu Claim.

1995. Wellington: Huia Publishers. ISBN 0908975155 (softcover).

"The Waikato tribes had over 1.2 million acres of land confiscated by the government during the 1860s. This is a history of the Tainui Trust Board's repeated attempts at getting some compensation for, and acknowlegement of, these past injustices. The final chapter outlines the process by which the final settlement was negotiated with the government and the historic Deed of Settlement was signed in May 1995."

Mediansky, F.A. (ed.): Strategic Cooperation and Competition in the Pacific Islands.

1995. Sydney: Centre for South Pacific Studies, University of New South Wales. ISBN 1 884296 02 5.

Contributors include John Dorrance, Robert Kiste, Charles Lepani, David Hegarty, Henry Albinski, Richard Herr, Rose Babbage, J-C Victor, Steve Hoadley, Paul Gardner, Akio Watanabe, and Denis McLean.

"This Book is the final stage of an international project dedicated to the assessment of the strategic challenges which emerged in the Pacific Islands during the final years of the Cold War."

Orbell, Margaret: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Maori Myth and Legend.

1995. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. ISBN 0908812450 (hardcover).

"Margaret Orbell has collected many previously unpublished myths and legends to present an 'all embracing book which presents the myths and legends as living heritage'. The collection covers the earliest events as well as more recent ancestors, such as the crews of the mythological canoes from Hawaiki. This book contains over 240 colour and black and white illustrations."

Parsons, Claire (ed.): Healing Practices in the South Pacific.

1995. Hawaii: Brigham Young University. ISBN 0939154560.

"A selection of writings that brings together a vast range of knowledge in the area of healing systems in the Pacific."

Pritchard, Mary: Siapo: Bark Cloth Art of Samoa.

1995. Auckland: Pasifika Press. ISBN 0908597177.

"The definitve work on Samoan barkcloth manufacture, techniques and styles, as well as a history of cultural significance. Illustrated with colour photographs."

Pugsley, Christopher: Te Hokowhitu A Tu: The Maori Pioneer Battalion in the First World War.

1995. Auckland: Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd. ISBN 0790003988 (hardcover).

"Over 2,227 Maori and 458 Pacific Islanders served with the Maori Pioneer Battalion in World War One. This history draws on rare archival material, and previously unpublished diaries and letters to tell the story of the battalion's military exploits. It is also a vivid account of the everyday life of the soldiers, illustrated with photographs."

Richards, Rhys: 'Murihiku' Reviewed: A Revised History of the Southern New Zealand.

1995. Paremata.

"This is a review and extension of the classic book on early New Zealand history by Robert McNab, 'Murihiku'. This short survey is intended to support and extend the original, and has the intention of conveying 'more of the Maori side than was attempted by McNab.'"

Rjabchikov, Sergei V. (ed.): Ostrov Paskhi: Peresechenie kul'tur [Easter Island: A Crossing Cultures].

1995. Krasnodar: Ecoinvest.

Introd. by S.V. Rjabchikov. Text in Russian, Spanish and English:

"Sakral'nye tayny i taynye soyuzy ostrova Paskhi [Sacral Mysteries and Secret Unions of Easter Island; in Russian]" by K. Yu. Meshkov; "[[questiondown]]De Waikiki a Iquique: Polinesios en Atacama?" by W.W. Schuhmacher; "Peruanskie, mayaskie, yaponskie i melaneziyskie istockniki slya izucheniya rapanuyskoy kul'tury [Peruvian, Mayan, Japanese, melanesian Soutces for the Study of Rapanui Culture; in Russian] by S.V. Rjabchikov; "Iron" words: Slavonic and Polynesian" by S.V. Rjabchikov; "Karl Bouda, Early Sino-Caucasianist" by W.W. Schuhmacher.

The authors study problems of forming of the Easter Island (Polynesian) culture; linguistic sources are often used to justify authors' theories. In this publication a sensational discovery is presented: Sergei Rjabchikov's readings of the "rongo-rongo" inscriptions engraved on the Keiti and the Aruku-Kurenga tablets correlate with Thor Heyerdahl's records of the Rapanui incantations known as "takapu".

Rutherford, Noel: Shirley Baker and the King of Tonga.

1995. Auckland: Pasifika Press. ISBN 0908597258.

"Tonga is the only Pacific nation to retain lasting political independence. This is an account of how the shrewd and determined King of Tonga, Tupou 1, teamed up with Wesleyan missionary, Shirley Baker to bring this about. This

fascinating account gives particular insight into the character of the 'gruff, bewhiskered minister from London's East End' and the factors that motivated him."

Solander, Daniel: Collected Correspondence 1753-1782. (Edited by Edward Duyker and Per Tingbrand).

1995. Melbourne University Press. ISBN X11410 (hardcover).

"Solander is a significant figure in science, classifying, along with Joseph Banks on Cooks first voyage, thousands of species of plants. He was the first taxonomist to describe and catalogue the natural history collection of the British Museum, being one of the best known naturalists of his day with expertise in fossils, zoology and comparative anatomy. Solander Island, the island named after him by Cook, is a windblasted islet lying to the south of the South Island of New Zealand."

Spickard, Paul, et al: Pacific Islander Americans: An Annotated Bibliography in the Social Sciences.

1995. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0939154544 (softcover). 224 pp.

"A bibliographic guide to work that has been done on Pacific Islanders living in the United States. Includes nearly 400 social science sources. Sources relate to migration, demography, culture, religion, the family, economic conditions, education, colonization, politics and study of lifestyles.

Stevenson, Robert Louis: A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa.

1995. Auckland: Pasifika Press. ISBN 090859724X.

"Stevenson gives an eyewitness account of the struggle between Britain, the United States of America and Germany for control of Samoa. Provides a fine analysis of late-nineteenth century colonialism as well as being a entertaining insight into Samoan life at the time."

Thomas, Nicholas: Oceanic Art.

1995. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500202818 (softcover).

"A study of the art of the Pacific and its meaning and significance for the people who created it. Looks at cross-cultural aspects and the combining of local motifs and materials with new styles and techniques."

Walker, Ranganui: Tradition and Change in Maori Leadership.

1995. Auckland: University of Auckland. 26 pp.

"A booklet on the traditional roles of Maori leadership and the changes that are taking place within it."

Wendt, Albert (ed.): Nuanua. Pacific Writing in English since 1980.

1995. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

"This anthology of contemporary Pacific writing in English is a successor to Lali, first published in 1980. Nuanua, like Lali, edited by the distinguished Samoan writer Albert Wendt, shows the growing strength and confidence of Pacific writing in fiction and poetry since 1980. It includes work from new and well-established writers from nine Pacific communities: Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Vanuatu, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Samoa. Nuanua means "rainbow," and readers will be struck by the multiplicity and variety of voices in this collection. The legacy of colonialism and the problems of development and political change are among the themes explored. Tones range from the passionate to the humurous, from the tragic to the ribald, and the settings from Westernized city to traditional village and plantation. Nuanua reveals a wealth of creative literary talent that deserves wider recognition."

Whitehouse, Harvey: Inside the Cult. Religious Innovation and Transmission in Papua New Guinea.

1995. Corby, Northamptonshire: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). ISBN 0-19-827981-7 (hardcover) and 0-19-828051 (paperback). 256 pp.

"The millenarian cult of Pomio Kivung in Papua New Guinea looks forward to the establishment of a period of supernatural bliss, heralded by the return of ancestors bearing 'cargo'. The author of this book, Harvey Whitehouse, was taken for a reincarnated ancestor, and was able to observe the dynamics of the cult from within. Drawing on this uniquely detailed study, Dr Whitehouse develops an original theory of 'modes of religiosity' linking styles of codification and cultural transmission to the political scale, structure, and ethos of religious communities."